The probability that a student passes an exam is 0.82. What is the probability that the student does not pass the exam?

Step 1: Recognize that passing and not passing are complementary events.

An event and its complement together account for all possible outcomes, so their probabilities add to 1.

P(pass) + P(not pass) = 1

Step 2: Substitute the given probability.

P(pass) = 0.82

Therefore:
0.82 + P(not pass) = 1

Step 3: Solve for the complement.

P(not pass) = 1 - 0.82

P(not pass) = 0.18

Step 4: Interpret the result.

A probability of 0.18 is equivalent to 18%.

Therefore, the probability that the student does not pass the exam is 0.18, or 18%.